Authorities are building a mosque so big it will hold 1.6m people – but are demolishing irreplaceable monuments to do it
 
Three of the world’s oldest mosques are about to be destroyed as 
Saudi Arabia embarks on a multi-billion-pound expansion of Islam’s 
second holiest site. Work on the Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, where the 
Prophet Mohamed is buried, will start once the annual Hajj pilgrimage 
ends next month. When complete, the development will turn the mosque 
into the world’s largest building, with the capacity for 1.6 million 
worshippers.
But concerns have been raised that the development will see key 
historic sites bulldozed. Anger is already growing at the kingdom’s 
apparent disdain for preserving the historical and archaeological 
heritage of the country’s holiest city, Mecca.  Most of the expansion of
 Masjid an-Nabawi will take place to the west of the existing mosque, 
which holds the tombs of Islam’s founder and two of his closest 
companions, Abu Bakr and Umar.
Just outside the western walls of 
the current compound are mosques dedicated to Abu Bakr and Umar, as well
 as the Masjid Ghamama, built to mark the spot where the Prophet is 
thought to have given his first prayers for the Eid festival. The Saudis
 have announced no plans to preserve or move the three mosques, which 
have existed since the seventh century and are covered by Ottoman-era 
structures, or to commission archaeological digs before they are pulled 
down, something that has caused considerable concern among the few 
academics who are willing to speak out in the deeply authoritarian 
kingdom.
“No one denies that Medina is in need of expansion, but 
it’s the way the authorities are going about it which is so worrying,” 
says Dr Irfan al-Alawi of the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation. 
“There are ways they could expand which would either avoid or preserve 
the ancient Islamic sites but instead they want to knock it all down.” 
Dr Alawi has spent much of the past 10 years trying to highlight the 
destruction of early Islamic sites.
With cheap air travel and 
booming middle classes in populous Muslim countries within the 
developing world, both Mecca and Medina are struggling to cope with the 
12 million pilgrims who visit each year – a number expected to grow to 
17 million by 2025. The Saudi monarchy views itself as the sole 
authority to decide what should happen to the cradle of Islam. Although 
it has earmarked billions for an enormous expansion of both Mecca and 
Medina, it also sees the holy cities as lucrative for a country almost 
entirely reliant on its finite oil wealth.
Heritage campaigners 
and many locals have looked on aghast as the historic sections of Mecca 
and Medina have been bulldozed to make way for gleaming shopping malls, 
luxury hotels and enormous skyscrapers. The Washington-based Gulf 
Institute estimates that 95 per cent of the 1,000-year-old buildings in 
the two cities have been destroyed in the past 20 years.
In Mecca,
 the Masjid al-Haram, the holiest site in Islam and a place where all 
Muslims are supposed to be equal, is now overshadowed by the Jabal Omar 
complex, a development of skyscraper apartments, hotels and an enormous 
clock tower. To build it, the Saudi authorities destroyed the Ottoman 
era Ajyad Fortress and the hill it stood on. Other historic sites lost 
include the Prophet’s birthplace – now a library – and the house of his 
first wife, Khadijah, which was replaced with a public toilet block.
Neither
 the Saudi Embassy in London nor the Ministry for Foreign Affairs 
responded to requests for comment when The Independent contacted them 
this week. But the government has previously defended its expansion 
plans for the two holy cities as necessary. It insists it has also built
 large numbers of budget hotels for poorer pilgrims, though critics 
point out these are routinely placed many miles away from the holy 
sites.
Until recently, redevelopment in Medina has pressed ahead 
at a slightly less frenetic pace than in Mecca, although a number of 
early Islamic sites have still been lost. Of the seven ancient mosques 
built to commemorate the Battle of the Trench – a key moment in the 
development of Islam – only two remain. Ten years ago, a mosque which 
belonged to the Prophet’s grandson was dynamited. Pictures of the 
demolition that were secretly taken and smuggled out of the kingdom 
showed the religious police celebrating as the building collapsed.
The
 disregard for Islam’s early history is partly explained by the regime’s
 adoption of Wahabism, an austere and uncompromising interpretation of 
Islam that is vehemently opposed to anything which might encourage 
Muslims towards idol worship.
In most of the Muslim world, shrines
 have been built. Visits to graves are also commonplace. But Wahabism 
views such practices with disdain. The religious police go to enormous 
lengths to discourage people from praying at or visiting places closely 
connected to the time of the Prophet while powerful clerics work behind 
the scenes to promote the destruction of historic sites.
Dr Alawi 
fears that the redevelopment of the Masjid an-Nabawi is part of a wider 
drive to shift focus away from the place where Mohamed is buried. The 
spot that marks the Prophet’s tomb is covered by a famous green dome and
 forms the centrepiece of the current mosque. But under the new plans, 
it will become the east wing of a building eight times its current size 
with a new pulpit. There are also plans to demolish the prayer niche at 
the centre of mosque. The area forms part of the Riyadh al-Jannah 
(Garden of Paradise), a section of the mosque that the Prophet decreed 
especially holy..
“Their excuse is they want to make more room and
 create 20 spaces in a mosque that will eventually hold 1.6 million,” 
says Dr Alawi. “It makes no sense. What they really want is to move the 
focus away from where the Prophet is buried.”
A pamphlet published
 in 2007 by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs – and endorsed by the Grand 
Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz al Sheikh – called for the dome to be 
demolished and the graves of Mohamed, Abu Bakr and Umar to be flattened.
 Sheikh Ibn al-Uthaymeen, one of the 20th century’s most prolific Wahabi
 scholars, made similar demands.
“Muslim silence over the 
destruction of Mecca and Medina is both disastrous and hypocritical,” 
says Dr Alawi. “The recent movie about the Prophet Mohamed caused 
worldwide protests... and yet the destruction of the Prophet’s 
birthplace, where he prayed and founded Islam has been allowed to 
continue without any criticism.”
 
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