Authorities are building a mosque so big it will hold 1.6m people – but are demolishing irreplaceable monuments to do it
Three of the world’s oldest mosques are about to be destroyed as
Saudi Arabia embarks on a multi-billion-pound expansion of Islam’s
second holiest site. Work on the Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, where the
Prophet Mohamed is buried, will start once the annual Hajj pilgrimage
ends next month. When complete, the development will turn the mosque
into the world’s largest building, with the capacity for 1.6 million
worshippers.
But concerns have been raised that the development will see key
historic sites bulldozed. Anger is already growing at the kingdom’s
apparent disdain for preserving the historical and archaeological
heritage of the country’s holiest city, Mecca. Most of the expansion of
Masjid an-Nabawi will take place to the west of the existing mosque,
which holds the tombs of Islam’s founder and two of his closest
companions, Abu Bakr and Umar.
Just outside the western walls of
the current compound are mosques dedicated to Abu Bakr and Umar, as well
as the Masjid Ghamama, built to mark the spot where the Prophet is
thought to have given his first prayers for the Eid festival. The Saudis
have announced no plans to preserve or move the three mosques, which
have existed since the seventh century and are covered by Ottoman-era
structures, or to commission archaeological digs before they are pulled
down, something that has caused considerable concern among the few
academics who are willing to speak out in the deeply authoritarian
kingdom.
“No one denies that Medina is in need of expansion, but
it’s the way the authorities are going about it which is so worrying,”
says Dr Irfan al-Alawi of the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation.
“There are ways they could expand which would either avoid or preserve
the ancient Islamic sites but instead they want to knock it all down.”
Dr Alawi has spent much of the past 10 years trying to highlight the
destruction of early Islamic sites.
With cheap air travel and
booming middle classes in populous Muslim countries within the
developing world, both Mecca and Medina are struggling to cope with the
12 million pilgrims who visit each year – a number expected to grow to
17 million by 2025. The Saudi monarchy views itself as the sole
authority to decide what should happen to the cradle of Islam. Although
it has earmarked billions for an enormous expansion of both Mecca and
Medina, it also sees the holy cities as lucrative for a country almost
entirely reliant on its finite oil wealth.
Heritage campaigners
and many locals have looked on aghast as the historic sections of Mecca
and Medina have been bulldozed to make way for gleaming shopping malls,
luxury hotels and enormous skyscrapers. The Washington-based Gulf
Institute estimates that 95 per cent of the 1,000-year-old buildings in
the two cities have been destroyed in the past 20 years.
In Mecca,
the Masjid al-Haram, the holiest site in Islam and a place where all
Muslims are supposed to be equal, is now overshadowed by the Jabal Omar
complex, a development of skyscraper apartments, hotels and an enormous
clock tower. To build it, the Saudi authorities destroyed the Ottoman
era Ajyad Fortress and the hill it stood on. Other historic sites lost
include the Prophet’s birthplace – now a library – and the house of his
first wife, Khadijah, which was replaced with a public toilet block.
Neither
the Saudi Embassy in London nor the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
responded to requests for comment when The Independent contacted them
this week. But the government has previously defended its expansion
plans for the two holy cities as necessary. It insists it has also built
large numbers of budget hotels for poorer pilgrims, though critics
point out these are routinely placed many miles away from the holy
sites.
Until recently, redevelopment in Medina has pressed ahead
at a slightly less frenetic pace than in Mecca, although a number of
early Islamic sites have still been lost. Of the seven ancient mosques
built to commemorate the Battle of the Trench – a key moment in the
development of Islam – only two remain. Ten years ago, a mosque which
belonged to the Prophet’s grandson was dynamited. Pictures of the
demolition that were secretly taken and smuggled out of the kingdom
showed the religious police celebrating as the building collapsed.
The
disregard for Islam’s early history is partly explained by the regime’s
adoption of Wahabism, an austere and uncompromising interpretation of
Islam that is vehemently opposed to anything which might encourage
Muslims towards idol worship.
In most of the Muslim world, shrines
have been built. Visits to graves are also commonplace. But Wahabism
views such practices with disdain. The religious police go to enormous
lengths to discourage people from praying at or visiting places closely
connected to the time of the Prophet while powerful clerics work behind
the scenes to promote the destruction of historic sites.
Dr Alawi
fears that the redevelopment of the Masjid an-Nabawi is part of a wider
drive to shift focus away from the place where Mohamed is buried. The
spot that marks the Prophet’s tomb is covered by a famous green dome and
forms the centrepiece of the current mosque. But under the new plans,
it will become the east wing of a building eight times its current size
with a new pulpit. There are also plans to demolish the prayer niche at
the centre of mosque. The area forms part of the Riyadh al-Jannah
(Garden of Paradise), a section of the mosque that the Prophet decreed
especially holy..
“Their excuse is they want to make more room and
create 20 spaces in a mosque that will eventually hold 1.6 million,”
says Dr Alawi. “It makes no sense. What they really want is to move the
focus away from where the Prophet is buried.”
A pamphlet published
in 2007 by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs – and endorsed by the Grand
Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz al Sheikh – called for the dome to be
demolished and the graves of Mohamed, Abu Bakr and Umar to be flattened.
Sheikh Ibn al-Uthaymeen, one of the 20th century’s most prolific Wahabi
scholars, made similar demands.
“Muslim silence over the
destruction of Mecca and Medina is both disastrous and hypocritical,”
says Dr Alawi. “The recent movie about the Prophet Mohamed caused
worldwide protests... and yet the destruction of the Prophet’s
birthplace, where he prayed and founded Islam has been allowed to
continue without any criticism.”
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