For 20 miles north and south of the old Soviet-built
tunnel at Salang Pass, thousands of trucks are idled beside the road, waiting
for a turn to get through its perilous, one-and-a-half-mile length.
This is the only passable route for heavy truck
traffic bringing NATO supplies in from the Central Asian republics to the north,
as they now must come.
There are other roads, but they are often single-lane
dirt tracks through even higher mountain passes, or they are frequently subject
to ambushes by insurgents and bandits. So a tunnel built to handle 1,000
vehicles a day, and until the Pakistani boycott against NATO in November
handling 2,000, now tries — and often fails — to let 10,000 vehicles through,
alternating northbound and southbound truck traffic every other day.
“It’s only a matter of time until there’s a
catastrophe,” said Lt. Gen. Mohammad Rajab, the head of maintenance for the
Salang Pass. “One hundred percent certain, there will be a disaster, and when
there is, it’s not a disaster for Afghanistan alone, but for the whole
international community that uses this road.” He said 90 percent of the traffic
now was trailer and tanker trucks carrying NATO supplies.
The tunnel near the top of this 12,000-foot pass is so
narrow — no more than 20 feet across at the base, and less toward the top — that
the heavily laden trucks often jam as they try to pass one another, lodging in
tightly against the sloping, rough-hewn walls. The trucks have to be winched
apart and dragged out by heavy equipment.
Other trucks get stuck when their drivers deliberately
underestimate their overhead clearance — the tunnel is 16 feet high, but only in
the very center.
“It’s a nightmare,” one tank truck driver said.
The tunnel lighting does not work, nor do
closed-circuit television cameras installed to warn of problems. The tunnel’s
roof leaks water, rendering the savagely potholed road surface a mixture of mud,
chopped-up asphalt and broken concrete. Ventilator fans in most of the tunnel
are out of order, leading to such high levels of carbon monoxide that officials
are talking about a system to pump emergency oxygen in, General Rajab said.
The roadway, with only patches of paving, has ruts so
deep that trucks sometimes just tip over on their sides, as happened last week
with a tanker truck carrying fuel for NATO. It flipped over just south of the
main tunnel, cracking the tank and spawning a small stream flowing down the
steep switchbacks, which enterprising Afghans quickly diverted into makeshift
canals and impoundments so they could carry out the dangerous work of filling
containers from the flow.
That was the second day in a row that a truck tipped
over near the top of the pass, blocking all daytime traffic for most of those
two days. In between, the road opened at night, but then a NATO military convoy
came along, forcing all civilian truck traffic to cease for 12 hours, General
Rajab said.
With the increased traffic and the deterioration of
the roads it has caused, a journey that used to take a day, from Kabul to
Hairatan, a fuel and freight depot town on the northern border with Uzbekistan,
now requires 8 to 10 days for trucks, according to interviews with many drivers.
For cars it takes two days.
“Yesterday I slept over there,” said Sayid Ali, a
tractor-trailer driver who was hauling cement, pointing at the next switchback
down, less than a mile away. “Tonight I’ll probably sleep here.” He had so far
spent five days just in a 25-mile-long climb to the tunnel, and was still two
miles away, stuck by the fuel spill.
A tanker driver named Mohammadullah, hauling fuel for
a NATO contractor, was eight days out of Kabul and still climbing. He said the
drivers often ran out of food and were forced to pay exorbitant prices to
vendors who drove up with supplies. He expected the round trip would take him
most of a month.
“I’d rather be driving to Kandahar,” he said. Trucks
need to have armed guards because of insurgents on that route, he said, “but I’d
rather do that than all this waiting.”
The much-shorter Pakistani routes, from seaports like
Karachi on better roads, were closed to protest the deaths of 24 Pakistani
soldiers
in
an American airstrike. But Pakistan has expressed willingness to reopen the
frontier: for a fee of thousands of dollars per truck, compared with $250
previously. “We’re not about to get gouged in the price,” Defense Secretary Leon
E. Panetta
said
on ABC’s “This Week.”
The Salang Pass tunnel,
built
in 1964 by the Soviets and never completely finished (it lacks amenities
like interior surfacing of the walls and an escape tunnel), has a tragic
history. Nine hundred Russians and Afghans reportedly died of asphyxiation in
the tunnel in 1982 when a military convoy was trapped inside by an accident or
an explosion.
Two years ago,
huge
avalanches at the southern mouth of the tunnel killed at least 64 people,
buried alive in cars and buses.
General Rajab says he worries that the tunnel could
even collapse — no thorough overhaul has ever been done, he said, because the
route is too vital to close long enough for major repairs.
“It’s crazy to use this road; there are just too many
problems,” he said. “They should open an alternative or we will never solve
this.”
A spokesman for the NATO-led
International Security Assistance Force,
Lt. Col. Jimmie Cummings, said the military had no comment. “We do not discuss
the particular road routes that we use for movements of logistics,” he said.
The only remotely viable alternative route, General
Rajab said, is over the Shibar Pass, farther west. It involves a three-day
detour, which could be an improvement over Salang these days. However, the
military would have to work at improving security on that route, he said — when
he recently detoured trucks that way, they were looted before reaching the pass.
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